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Aave V4 introduces a Hub and Spoke architecture that fundamentally changes how lending markets access liquidity. This post explains the architecture and walks through building a custom Spoke.

A specification for meta-transactions on ERC-7984 confidential tokens. Enables gasless transfers while preserving balance confidentiality through FHE, adapting EIP-3009 patterns for encrypted token amounts.

x402 enables internet-native payments but exposes transaction data at every step. This post analyzes the protocol to identify what can realistically be made private.

ERC-7984 introduces confidential fungible tokens on Ethereum, where amounts and balances remain encrypted while transactions execute on-chain using Fully Homomorphic Encryption.

Morpho Vaults V2 introduces in-kind redemptions, an emergency exit mechanism that lets users escape illiquid vaults by swapping shares for direct market positions using flashloans.